{"id":18052,"date":"2012-01-08T00:00:49","date_gmt":"2012-01-08T05:00:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/?p=18052"},"modified":"2012-01-08T07:13:34","modified_gmt":"2012-01-08T12:13:34","slug":"dsmanything","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/2012\/01\/08\/dsmanything\/","title":{"rendered":"dsm<sub>anything<\/sub>&#8230;"},"content":{"rendered":"<div align=\"justify\">I just read a piece by Dr. Ronald Pies [<u><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/psychcentral.com\/blog\/archives\/2012\/01\/07\/why-psychiatry-needs-to-scrap-the-dsm-system-an-immodest-proposal\/\" target=\"_blank\"><font color=\"#200020\">Why Psychiatry Needs to Scrap the DSM System: An Immodest Proposal<\/font><\/a><\/strong><\/u>], a regular contributer to the Psychiatric Times. It&#8217;s a very thoughtful piece of writing about psychiatric reality and the DSM-anything:<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">\n<blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\"><sup>&#8230;In truth, the entire premise underlying the DSMs is severely  flawed&mdash;and many psychiatrists routinely ignore the DSM in their clinical  practices. Indeed, if the DSM is psychiatry&rsquo;s &ldquo;Bible,&rdquo; it is fair to  say that a great many psychiatrists are heretics. In my view, psychiatry  needs to scrap the present diagnostic system and begin afresh, with its  core ethical and clinical mission firmly in mind. This means getting  rid of the &ldquo;One from column A, one from column B&rdquo;, research-oriented,  diagnostic criteria, and providing clinicians with a manual that is  practical and useful.<\/p>\n<p>                       The present model of psychiatric diagnosis is useful primarily for  researchers. It suits their needs for uniformity in diagnosis, by  providing a set of &ldquo;necessary and sufficient&rdquo; signs and symptoms that  define a particular disorder. These cut-and-dried criteria help ensure  what researchers call &ldquo;inter-rater reliability.&rdquo; But this  well-intentioned attempt to &ldquo;carve Nature at its joints&rdquo; doesn&rsquo;t capture  the diverse ways psychiatric illnesses actually appear in clinical  settings; nor does the DSM&rsquo;s penchant for pigeon-holing comport with how  most psychiatrists actually &ldquo;diagnose&rdquo; their patients.<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/blockquote><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">I&#8217;ve tried to be a good sport in joining in the debates about the DSM-5 Task Force&#8217;s peculiar thinking about our diagnostic system. Things like the Attenuated Psychosis Risk Syndrome, the convoluted Personality Disorder proposals, or any number of add-on diagnoses just seem bizarre to me &#8211; much ado about nothing. The big worry seems to be that the changes will lead to more medications. That&#8217;s almost comical. Psychiatrists are only paid by third party carriers for medication visits, and we&#8217;re worrying about over-medication? Go figure.               <\/div>\n<p>                    <\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\">But I haven&#8217;t been entirely honest in my comments. I&#8217;ve entered the dialog about the DSM-5 because of my concern about what <em>other<\/em> psychiatrists might do with it. In my case, I wrote off the DSM-III a long time ago, and haven&#8217;t paid much attention since until they recently seemed to have left the atmosphere with this particular version. I&#8217;m actually a pretty conscientious person, so it wasn&#8217;t sloth that sent me packing, nor was it their jettisoning of the psychodynamic formulations&nbsp; in the DSM-II. I tried to talk about it here last Spring, but I hadn&#8217;t thought about it very much and frankly, I was reflexively inhibited after being around people who spoke DSM-ese for a long time, so what I said was awkward. I should have begun this way,<\/div>\n<ul>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><font color=\"#200020\"><sup>&quot;There are a number of conditions in psychiatry that can be usefully classified. They include the ones enumerated by Kraepelin [Schizophrenia, Manic Depressive Illness, Melancholia, the Brain Syndromes, etc]; the seemingly neurological problems like Autism, ADHD, dyslexia, etc; the Personality Disorders; and a number of less common definable syndromes. However the majority of mentally ill people do not lend themselves to general classification.&quot;<\/sup><\/font><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/ul>\n<div align=\"justify\">Dr. Pies says it this way:<\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\"><sup>Most experienced clinicians listen carefully to the  patient&rsquo;s  personal and family history; weigh this narrative in light of  some  general diagnostic categories, and arrive a &ldquo;gestalt&rdquo;  understanding of  their patient&rsquo;s condition. Sure, psychiatrists &mdash; like  other mental  health professionals &mdash; are required to &ldquo;play ball&rdquo; with  third-party  payers, and provide the official DSM code for a given  patient&rsquo;s  disorder. But this doesn&rsquo;t mean that psychiatrists place much  stock in  the DSM&rsquo;s categorical approach to understanding so-called  &ldquo;mental  disorders&rdquo;&#8230;<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\">Good for him. What he said is what I think. Like a valued psychoanalytic supervisor once said to me:<\/div>\n<ol>\n<div align=\"justify\"><sup>You have many identities that come in order:<\/sup><\/div>\n<ul><sup><\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\">&bull; First you are a person: A person is someone who cares about others and wants to help them. If they fall down, you help them get up. If they need food stamps, you figure out how to apply.               <\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">&bull; Next, you are a doctor: A doctor recognizes when there&#8217;s a physical illness that needs treating. If that&#8217;s the case, you either treat it or help get treatment.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">&bull; Then you are a psychiatrist: A psychiatrist is an expert on those mental diseases [Kraepelin et al] and if they have one, you either treat it or help get treatment.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">&bull; Then you are a psychotherapist: A psychotherapist takes a detailed look at the person&#8217;s life and personality and identifies the problems, instituting the appropriate psychotherapy if warranted.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">&bull; If anybody is left, then you are a psychoanalyst.<\/div>\n<p><\/sup><\/ul>\n<\/ol>\n<div align=\"justify\">And that&#8217;s what I did until I retired. It&#8217;s what I still do even in the charity clinic where I work now. I don&#8217;t need [or want] some obsessional nightmare of an attempt to classify all the variants of human misery and misfortune. I don&#8217;t think it&#8217;s possible [or even desirable to try].<\/div>\n<p>         <\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\">I liked Internal Medicine. But when I actually practiced it, I found myself much more interested in the individuals I saw than their physical diseases. Dr. Pies began his piece with this quote:<\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\"><em>&ldquo;It is much more important to know what sort of a patient has a disease than what sort of a disease a patient has.&rdquo;<\/em><\/div>\n<div align=\"right\">Sir William Osler [Canadian Physician, 1849-1919]<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\">That&#8217;s perfect. I&#8217;ve never heard that one before, but it describes what I began to feel to a tee. So I left the safe and tidy classified world of Internal Medicine to learn how to approach the <strong><font color=\"#200020\">unique<\/font><\/strong> illnesses I saw in patients all the time. Along the way, I learned a lot about the classifiable mental illnesses and I&#8217;m glad to know about them, but my real interest was in the untangling of those individual illnesses that have as many variations as ripples in a stream. One could almost say that by the time you understand such a case well enough to make a real diagnosis &#8211; you&#8217;re done. Because the patient understands it too.           <\/div>\n<p align=\"justify\">I&#8217;ve heard the argument that what I just said isn&#8217;t scientific, or evidence-based, or measurement-based, or medical enough, or &#8230; for thirty years without it making much of a dent, so you needn&#8217;t bother to enlighten me. If you don&#8217;t believe in individual, case-centered, psychotherapy &#8211; let&#8217;s just agree to disagree. My point here isn&#8217;t about that. My point is that outside the major psychiatric syndromes, classification is a moot point &#8211; the payload is in the individual&#8217;s narrative and experience [I promise to embrace any solidly nailed down biologically treatable condition on the day after it&#8217;s discovered].<\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\">I had something else to say that seems related. Starting with the DSM-III and moving forward to the present, the repeated argument has been that the DSM revolution brought psychiatry more into line with the rest of medicine. That was part of the neo-Kraepelinian creed [<strong><u><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/archive\/2005\/01\/03\/050103fa_fact?currentPage=all\"><strong><font color=\"#200020\">The Dictionary of Disorder<\/font><\/strong><\/a><\/u><\/strong>] that drove the DSM-III revision:<\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><sup>The Tenets of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/kadi.myweb.uga.edu\/Kraepelin_and_the_Neo-Kraepelinians.html\"><font color=\"#200020\">neo-Kraepelinian<\/font><\/a> approach:<\/sup><\/strong>      <\/div>\n<ul>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><sup>1. Psychiatry is a branch of medicine. <\/sup><\/strong><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><sup>2. Psychiatry should utilize modern scientific methodologies and base its practice on scientific knowledge.<\/sup><\/strong><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><sup>3. Psychiatry treats people who are sick and who require treatment.<\/sup><\/strong><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><sup>4. There is a boundary between the normal and the sick.<\/sup><\/strong><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><sup>5. There are discrete mental illnesses.&nbsp; They are not myths, and there are many of them.<\/sup><\/strong><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><sup>6. The focus of psychiatric physicians should be on the biological aspects of illness.<\/sup><\/strong><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><sup>7. There should be an explicit and intentional concern with diagnosis and classification.<\/sup><\/strong><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><sup>8. Diagnostic criteria should be codified, and a legitimate and valued area of research should be to validate them.<\/sup><\/strong><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><sup>9. Statistical techniques should be used to improve reliability and validity.<\/sup><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p align=\"justify\">The implication was, in part, that the rest of medicine actually cared about psychiatric classification and diagnosis. I hate to be a naysayer but the rest of medicine doesn&#8217;t think or care about psychiatric classification and diagnosis any more than psychiatrists think or care about the&nbsp; classification of Chronic Otitis Media or Recurrent Epididymitis. The people that cared were the Insurance Companies and Managed Care providers. Not that they&#8217;re unimportant, but we might as well be honest. And from where I sit, I don&#8217;t actually see how adjusting our diagnostic criteria to meet their needs has done much for either psychiatrists or psychiatric patients. Just an observation.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Likewise, when I read those Tenets now, they sound anachronistic, tailored to both refute as well as adapt to the criticisms of psychiatry in the 1960s and 1970s, exemplified by Dr. Thomas Szasz [<strong><font color=\"#200020\">The Myth of Mental Illness<\/font><\/strong>]. His essential criticism was that Psychiatry was an agency of the State [Commitment, Involuntary Hospitalization, Forced Medication, Not Guilty by reason of Insanity, etc]. He complained that illnesses were biological and that calling what we call mental illness wasn&#8217;t really medical because there were no biological markers. We still have no biological markers, and Dr. Szasz is still complaining [at age 91]. The DSMs didn&#8217;t change either thing.       <\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\">Dr. Pies goes on to say:<\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\"><sup>The present DSM categories convey the impression that diseases have &ldquo;necessary and sufficient&rdquo; features that define them&mdash;akin to the Platonic concept of ideal &ldquo;forms.&rdquo; A contrasting view is that of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, who argued that such &ldquo;essential&rdquo; definitions do not represent how language actually works. Wittgenstein wrote, instead, of &ldquo;family resemblances&rdquo; that help characterize a particular word or category, in a particular context. By analogy, no single feature or features characterize all five members of, say, the Jones family; however, four of the Joneses have blond hair, three of those four have blue eyes, and four are very tall. We can see the &ldquo;resemblances&rdquo; when the Joneses stand together for the family photo. Wittgenstein compared family resemblances to the overlapping fibers of a rope&mdash;no single fiber is present throughout the rope, but a large number of fibers overlap so as to create a continuous and recognizable object. The same may be posited with respect to any given psychiatric disease category. There may be no single set of &ldquo;necessary and sufficient conditions&rdquo; that define schizophrenia or bipolar disorder; but patients who suffer with either illness resemble one another in very characteristic ways.  <\/p>\n<p>     Almost contemporaneously with Wittgenstein, philosophers such as Edmund Husserl&mdash;and later, existentialists like Jean-Paul Sartre&mdash;began to emphasize the unique structure and contents of the individual&rsquo;s experience: her way of &ldquo;being in the world.&rdquo; It is this phenomenological perspective that would inform what I call &ldquo;disease prototypes&rdquo; in psychiatry. Essentially, these are narrative accounts of illness that try to capture the most salient and typical features of the condition, emphasizing the typical patient&rsquo;s subjective experiences. Such prototypes would compose the core of the diagnostic system I am proposing.<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\">I doubt the Managed Care Executives are reading what Dr. Pies says here with any great relish.&nbsp;Wittgenstein, Husserl, Sartre, and &quot;her way of &#8216;being in the world&#8217;&quot; don&#8217;t translate easily into DRGs or speadsheets. But there&#8217;s a meta-point to what Dr. Pies is proposing. The rational, thoughtful approach to psychiatric diagnosis; the problems of reimbursement by third party carriers; the goals of the pharmaceutical industry; the criticisms of the neo-Szasz-ians; and the interests of the neuroscience researchers are all very different things. Trying to serve all of those gods with the DSM-anything is a fruitless exercise. Also, I just don&#8217;t see that the DSMs are moving anywhere worth moving to in the current form. He ends with:   <\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\"><sup>In short, it is not enough for psychiatrists simply to peck away at the  proposed DSM-5. True, we will be stuck with the DSM-5 for the next  decade or two, and we should strive to improve it while we still can.  But in the longer term, psychiatrists and other mental health  professionals owe it to themselves and their patients to think more  boldly &mdash; and more philosophically &mdash; about their diagnostic system.<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\">Amen&#8230; <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I just read a piece by Dr. Ronald Pies [Why Psychiatry Needs to Scrap the DSM System: An Immodest Proposal], a regular contributer to the Psychiatric Times. It&#8217;s a very thoughtful piece of writing about psychiatric reality and the DSM-anything: &#8230;In truth, the entire premise underlying the DSMs is severely flawed&mdash;and many psychiatrists routinely ignore [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18052","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-politics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18052","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18052"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18052\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18074,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18052\/revisions\/18074"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18052"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18052"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18052"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}