{"id":23563,"date":"2012-05-26T09:00:40","date_gmt":"2012-05-26T13:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/?p=23563"},"modified":"2012-05-26T04:42:01","modified_gmt":"2012-05-26T08:42:01","slug":"hypothesizing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/2012\/05\/26\/hypothesizing\/","title":{"rendered":"hypothesizing&#8230;"},"content":{"rendered":"<br \/>\n<table width=\"70%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" border=\"0\" align=\"center\">\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\">\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong>inertia&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[\u00c9\u00aan\u00cb\u02c6\u00c9\u0153\u00cb\u0090\u00ca\u0192\u00c9\u2122,-\u00ca\u0192\u00c9\u00aa\u00c9\u2122]<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\"><sup>&mdash; noun<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"12\"><sup>&nbsp;<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\"><sup>1.<\/sup><\/td>\n<td><sup>the state of being inert; disinclination to move or act<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td width=\"12\"><sup>&nbsp;<\/sup><\/td>\n<td align=\"right\"><sup>2.<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>\n<div align=\"justify\"><sup>the tendency of a body to preserve its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p align=\"justify\">Inertia isn&#8217;t just a property of physical bodies. It&#8217;s applicable as a concept in a wide range of circumstances. Things in place tend to stay as they are. There are plenty of psychological examples: a substance use that self perpetuates as an addiction; a character trait that endures no matter how maladaptive; a child who &#8216;takes things&#8217; who grows up to be a thief. Things that repeat or endure are the bedrock of our personae &#8211; sometimes the essential structures that support our growth, but at other times, the mechanism of our downfall. In a psychotherapy, it&#8217;s not terribly hard to identify what repetitive pattern of living is causing the patient&#8217;s discordant life. The hard part is figuring out how to change the pattern &#8211; to interrupt the inertia. And when I look back over the medical errors I&#8217;ve seen, mine and others, they&#8217;re almost always the same &#8211; categorical errors. They&#8217;re situations where the initial diagnostic category was wrongly chosen and by the time that became clear, it was too late. An anxiety attack that turned out to be a pulmonary embolus; a ruptured retroflexed appendix that eroded through the diaphragm or a ruptured esophagus both presenting as pneumonia; a hysteria that was, in fact, a brain tumor; an alcoholic whose D.T.s were really a symptom of fungal meningitis. Once the wrong categorical diagnosis is made, that initial mistake has an an inertia as strong as that of a resting boulder or an avalanche &#8211; a powerful resistance to change.<\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\">Looking back over the history of how the Major Depressive Disorder came to be a unitary diagnosis, I&#8217;ve been trying to locate some motivated force that was opposed to the fractionation of the depressive syndromes that we used in the past &#8211;&nbsp; some reason for the &quot;lumping,&quot; but I haven&#8217;t succeeded so far in finding anything that makes any sense. The only clear thing I know is that they didn&#8217;t want to have anything that smacked of this DSM-II category:<\/div>\n<ul>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><font color=\"#200020\">300.4 Depressive neurosis<\/font><\/strong><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><sup>This  disorder is manifested by an excessive reaction of depression due to an  internal conflict or to an identifiable event such as the loss of a  love object or cherished possession&#8230;<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/ul>\n<div align=\"justify\">The first shot at a descriptive psychiatric diagnostic system was the <u><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scalesandmeasures.net\/files\/files\/Feighner_JP_1972.pdf\"><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Feighner Criteria<\/font><\/strong><\/a><\/u> in 1972, a bare bones set of thirteen diagnostic categories constructed by the psychiatry resident, John Feighner, from a literature review project &#8211; later published by his mentors at Washington University in St. Louis. There was only one Depression category:<\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div align=\"center\"><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Primary Affective Disorders.<\/font><\/strong><\/div>\n<p>          <\/p>\n<div> <strong><font color=\"#200020\">Depression.<\/font><\/strong><\/div>\n<ul><sup><\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\">&mdash;For a diagnosis of depression, A through C are required.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">A.  Dysphoric mood characterized by symptoms such as the following:  depressed, sad, blue, despondent, hopeless, &quot;down in the dumps,&quot;  irritable, fearful, worried, or discouraged.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">B. At least five of the following criteria are required for &quot;definite&quot; depression; four are required for &quot;probable&quot; depression.<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\">Poor appetite or weight loss (positive if 2 lb a week or 10 lb or more a year when not dieting). <\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\"> Sleep difficulty (include insomnia or hypersomnia). <\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\"> Loss of energy, eg, fatigability, tiredness. <\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\"> Agitation or retardation. <\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\"> Loss of interest in usual activities, or decrease in sexual drive. <\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\"> Feelings of self-reproach or guilt (either may be delusional). <\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\"> Complaints of or actually diminished ability to think or concentrate, such as slow thinking or mixed-up thoughts. <\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\"> Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide, including thoughts of wishing to be dead.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div align=\"justify\">C.  A psychiatric illness lasting at least one month with no preexisting  psychiatric conditions&#8230;<\/div>\n<p><\/sup><\/ul>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Mania.<\/font><\/strong><\/div>\n<ul><sup><\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\">&mdash;For a diagnosis of mania, A through C are required.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">A. Euphoria or irritability.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">B. At least three of the following symptom categories must also be present.<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\">Hyperactivity (includes motor, social, and sexual activity).<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\">Push of speech (pressure to keep talking).<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\">Flight of ideas (racing thoughts).<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\">Grandiosity (may be delusional).<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\">Decreased sleep.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\">Distractibility.<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div align=\"justify\">C.  A psychiatric illness lasting at least two weeks with no preexisting  psychiatric conditions&#8230;<\/div>\n<p><\/sup><\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\">He made no attempt to address the <em>varieties<\/em> of depression of the time. Then they added this at the very end of their article:<\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\"><em><sup>&#8230;we have made no effort to subclassify these illnesses. [For example, we have presented criteria to define primary affective disorders, unipolar type, without suggestions for further subdivision into forms of early and late onset, psychotic or nonpsychotic forms, agitated or retarded forms, and so forth. It is clear that primary affective disorder, unipolar type, is a reasonable major classification. The data to support its subclassification are still tentative.] We and other investigators will continue to work toward modification and subclassification. What we now present is our synthesis of existing information, a synthesis based on data rather than opinion or tradition. We hope that such a presentation will help to promote useful communication among investigators.<\/sup><\/em><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\"> They didn&#8217;t say it, but there&#8217;s clearly a premium on parsimony, on simplicity. But they did say <em>&quot;we have made <\/em><em>no effort to <strong><font color=\"#200020\">subclassify<\/font><\/strong> these illnesses<\/em><em>&quot;<\/em>, <em>&quot;the data to support its <strong><font color=\"#200020\">subclassification<\/font><\/strong> are still tenative<\/em>&quot;, and &quot;<em>we &#8230; will continue to work toward modification and <strong><font color=\"#200020\">subclassification<\/font><\/strong>&quot;<\/em>. While I&#8217;m not aware of any specific motive to deconstruct the contemporary classes of depression in St. Louis, they did seem to see depression as a class, and they were clearly motivated by simplicity and data-bound-ness [and chunking <em>neurosis<\/em>]. I found myself wondering if this notion of subclassification of depression represented some belief about depressive illness &#8211; that it was a unity with subtypes &#8211; or just a way of talking? Could they have just as easily said <em>fractionating<\/em> or something else that might mean dividing into different classes and made their same point? For that matter, had they even considered the difference at all? Would they have been just as happy saying, &quot;<em>The data to support the different classes of depression are still tentative&quot;<\/em>? as a way of making their central point about data, data, data. Was it a catch-all placeholder for different things, or a true class with different &quot;flavors?&quot;<\/div>\n<p align=\"justify\">I&#8217;m not trying to be cryptic here and I hope I&#8217;m not being trivial, but I&#8217;m playing with the hypothesis that it&#8217;s possible that the unitary class, Major Depressive Disorder, was not rooted in either some scientific idea or theoretical position, but was rather just a way of thinking about classification in those early days that got carried along <em><strong><font color=\"#200020\">by inertia<\/font><\/strong><\/em> &#8211; something that came to have a meaning well beyond its meaningless or perhaps grammatical origins. It sure developed a massive meaning when the new antidepressants came along because it offered the clinical trial world a huge, unified, diagnostic cohort for testing the cascades of SSRIs that came from the pharmaceutical industry &#8211; a ready-made <em>market<\/em> extraordinaire. But I&#8217;m wondering if its beginning was mere convenience.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">In Dr. Spitzer&#8217;s first article about reliability in 1974, he did put all the older depressive syndromes under one heading after the style of Feighner &#8211; Affective Disorders:<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"419\" height=\"320\" border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/images\/class-1.gif\" \/><br \/>    <sup>[recolored for emphasis]<\/sup><\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\">In that 1974 article, he mentioned his NIMH Study that would result in the <strong><font color=\"#200020\">Research Diagnostic Criteria<\/font><\/strong> [RDC]:<\/div>\n<ul>\n<div align=\"justify\"><sup><em>These two approaches,structuring the interview and specifying all diagnostic criteria, are being merged in a series of collaborative studies on the psychobiology of the depressive disorders sponsored by the N.I.M.H. Clinical Research Branch.<\/em><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/ul>\n<div align=\"justify\">The graphic below of those <strong><font color=\"#200020\">Research Diagnostic Criteria<\/font><\/strong> is from his 1978 article, but I have a worksheet of the RDC forwarded by a colleague dated 1975 that has this exact same subclassification of <strong><font color=\"#200020\">Major Depressive Disorder<\/font><\/strong>:    <\/div>\n<p align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"405\" height=\"350\" border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/images\/class-2.gif\" \/><br \/>    <sup>[reformatted to fit]<\/sup><\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\">So it does seem that as the classification of Feighner expanded, depression remained a class heading and the comment about &quot;subclassification&quot; persevered. I know that&#8217;s no proof of the <strong><font color=\"#660033\">1boringoldman-inertia-of-serendipity-hypothesis<\/font><\/strong> of how the category of Major Depressive Disorder came into being, but it doesn&#8217;t disprove it either. Maybe my hypothesis has a slight bit of inertia of its own&#8230;<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>inertia&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[\u00c9\u00aan\u00cb\u02c6\u00c9\u0153\u00cb\u0090\u00ca\u0192\u00c9\u2122,-\u00ca\u0192\u00c9\u00aa\u00c9\u2122] &mdash; noun &nbsp; 1. the state of being inert; disinclination to move or act &nbsp; 2. the tendency of a body to preserve its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force Inertia isn&#8217;t just a property of physical bodies. It&#8217;s applicable as a concept in a wide range [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23563","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-politics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23563","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23563"}],"version-history":[{"count":67,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23563\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23775,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23563\/revisions\/23775"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23563"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23563"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23563"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}