{"id":2641,"date":"2008-11-24T21:29:45","date_gmt":"2008-11-25T02:29:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/?p=2641"},"modified":"2008-11-25T08:04:34","modified_gmt":"2008-11-25T13:04:34","slug":"looking-back-the-deregulation-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/2008\/11\/24\/looking-back-the-deregulation-i\/","title":{"rendered":"looking back &#8211; the Deregulation I&#8230;"},"content":{"rendered":"<div align=\"justify\"><strong>F.D.R.<\/strong>&#8216;s regulation of the Banking System and the Stock Exchange stayed intact for nearly a half of a century [perhaps because after F.D.R., the Republicans only briefly had control of both Houses of Congress before 1994], even though it remained a perennial straw man for the business community, Banks, Conservatives, and Republicans:<\/div>\n<div align=\"center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"520\" vspace=\"7\" height=\"62\" border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/images\/majority.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"97\" hspace=\"4\" height=\"123\" border=\"1\" align=\"right\" src=\"http:\/\/tbn1.google.com\/images?q=tbn:51ExRog4AD1fEM:http:\/\/alienconspiracy.org\/ronald_reaganTHM.jpg\" \/>In 1971, <strong>Richard Nixon<\/strong> floated the dollar in order to raise money to pay for the War in Viet Nam. Prior to that, we had remained on the Gold Standard even though one could not retrieve gold for currency. But it was the election of <strong>Ronald Reagan<\/strong> in 1980 that began the full scale assault on F.D.R.&#8217;s regulatory policies &#8211; and his economics in general. Reagan&#8217;s economics [called Reaganomics] were neither clear to me then nor now, but I know what he did. He cut taxes for the upper income brackets and eliminated a lot of other taxes that primarily affected the rich and businesses. He spent heavily on the Military. So he began running up the national debt as a result of decreased revenue and increased spending. He preached <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deregulation\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Deregulation<\/strong><\/a>. Here are a few highlights:                <\/div>\n<p>                      <\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\"> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Depository_Institutions_Deregulation_and_Monetary_Control_Act\"><font color=\"#300030\"><strong>Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act<\/strong><\/font><\/a> of 1980: This legislation expanded the Federal Reserve&#8217;s rules to all Banks, and raised the level of FDIC coverage from $40,000 to $100,000. But it also began the Derugulation of Banking Institutions and the erosion of the <strong>Glass-Stegall Act<\/strong>:<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>Banks were allowed to merge.<\/li>\n<li>It removed the power of the Federal Reserve to set the interest rates of savings accounts.<\/li>\n<li>It allowed credit unions and savings and loans to offer checkable accounts.<\/li>\n<li>Allowed institutions to charge any interest rates they choose.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Garn_-_St_Germain_Depository_Institutions_Act\"><font color=\"#300030\"><strong>Garn-St. Germain Depository Institutions Act<\/strong><\/font><\/a> of 1982: This Bill was passed to deregulate the <strong>Savings and Loans Industry<\/strong>. From the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fdic.gov\/bank\/historical\/s&#038;l\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>FDIC history<\/strong><\/a>:<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\">\n<blockquote>\n<div><sup> &quot;<font>This Reagan Administration initiative is designed to complete the process of giving expanded powers to federally chartered S&amp;Ls and enables them to diversify their activities with the view of increasing profits. Major provisions include: elimination of deposit interest rate ceilings; elimination of the previous statutory limit on loan to value ratio; and expansion of the asset powers of federal S&amp;Ls by permitting up to 40% of assets in commercial mortgages, up to 30% of assets in consumer loans, up to 10% of assets in commercial loans, and up to 10% of assets in commercial leases.&quot; <\/font><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/blockquote><\/div>\n<div>Said then newly elected  <strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.reagan.utexas.edu\/archives\/speeches\/1982\/101582b.htm\"><font color=\"#200020\">President Reagan<\/font><\/a><\/strong> on signing this Bill:<\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\"><sup>Thank you all very much, and thank you for joining us to sign this historic reform. This bill is the most important legislation for financial institutions in the last 50 years. It provides a long-term solution for troubled thrift institutions&hellip;<\/sup><\/div>\n<p align=\"justify\"><sup>Now, this bill also represents the first step in our administration&rsquo;s comprehensive program of financial deregulation&hellip;<\/sup><\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\"><sup>What this legislation does is expand the powers of thrift institutions by permitting the industry to make commercial loans and increase their consumer lending. It reduces their exposure to changes in the housing market and in interest rate levels. This in turn will make the thrift industry a stronger, more effective force in financing housing for millions of Americans in the years to come&hellip;<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div>What followed wasn&#8217;t exactly what Reagan predicted. There was a rapid proliferation of Savings and Loans that had very imprudent lending practices, living outside the regulatory reach of conventional Banks. Within five years, there was a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fdic.gov\/bank\/historical\/s&#038;l\/\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Savings and Loans Crisis<\/strong><\/a>:<\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\"><sup>The <strong>savings and loan crisis<\/strong> of the 1980s and 1990s (commonly referred to as the <strong>S&amp;L crisis<\/strong>) was the failure of 747 savings and loan associations (S&amp;Ls) in the United States. The ultimate cost of the crisis is estimated to have totaled around $160.1 billion, about $124.6 billion of which was directly paid for by the U.S. government&mdash;that is, the U.S. taxpayer, either directly or through charges on their savings and loan accounts&mdash;which contributed to the large budget deficits of the early 1990s. <\/sup><sup>The concomitant slowdown in the finance industry and the real estate market may have been a contributing cause of the 1990&ndash;1991 economic recession. Between 1986 and 1991, the number of new homes constructed per year dropped from 1.8 million to 1 million, the lowest rate since World War II.<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\">In 1994, the Republicans won a majority in the House and Senate called &quot;the contract with America.&quot; Except for short periods after World War II, this hadn&#8217;t happened since the Depression. The Democratic President, Bill Clinton, was under attack throughout [Whitewater, Monica, etc.]. He was finally impeached towards the end of his term for lying about his affair with a White House Intern, but not convicted in the Senate. Towards the end of his term, two Bills from the Congress finally ended the Roosevelt post-Depression regulations on Banks, and provided an end run around SEC Oversight. Both Bills were initiated by Senator Phil Gramm from Texas, who then retrired from the government.<\/div>\n<p>                <\/p>\n<div><u><strong><font color=\"#300030\">Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act<\/font><\/strong><\/u> of 1999:<\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\"><sup>The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act &#8230; is an Act of the United States Congress which repealed part of the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, opening up competition among banks, securities companies and insurance companies. The Glass-Steagall Act prohibited a bank from offering investment, commercial banking, and insurance services.<\/sup><\/div>\n<p>             <\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\"><sup>The <em>Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act<\/em> (<em>GLBA<\/em>) allowed commercial and investment banks to consolidate. For example, Citibank merged with Travelers Group, an insurance company, and in 1998 formed the conglomerate Citigroup, a corporation combining banking and insurance underwriting services under brands including Smith-Barney, Shearson, Primerica and Travelers Insurance Corporation. This combination, announced in 1993 and finalized in 1994, would have violated the Glass-Steagall Act and the Bank Holding Company Act by combining insurance and securities companies, if not for a temporary waiver process. The law was passed to legalize these mergers on a permanent basis. Historically, the combined industry has been known as the financial services industry.<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\">This Bill essentially repealed the <strong>Glass-Stegall<\/strong> Act. Things were back to pre-1929-Crash conditions. Again, there was a blurring of Bank\/Broker distinctions and megaBanks proliferated. Mortgages were packaged and sold or traded, often off the books. Complex and unregulatable &quot;derivitives&quot; [see below] transferred risk away from lending institutions, making the lenders much more likely to approve Mortgages. &quot;Sub-Prime Mortgages,&quot; &quot;Adjustable Rate Mortgages,&quot; and &quot;Balloon Mortgages&quot; flooded the markets. Corporate executives lived like the aristocracy of old with salaries and bonuses that would buy many small towns. As Mortgages became easy to get, the value of property skyrocketed creating a housing bubble [price much greater than value]. That bubble burst. Now it&#8217;s called the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deregulation\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Subprime Mortgage Crisis<\/strong><\/a>, and it&#8217;s sucking the Stock Market down the tubes, aided by this next wonder.<\/div>\n<p>    <\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commodity_Futures_Modernization_Act_of_2000\"><font color=\"#300030\">Commodity Futures Modernization Act<\/font><\/a><\/strong> of 2000: This Bill by Texas Senator Phil Gramm was the <strong>Hurricane Katrina<\/strong> of deregulation:<\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\"><sup>The <strong>Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000<\/strong> &#8230; is United States federal legislation which repealed the Shad-Johnson jurisdictional accord, which had banned single-stock futures in 1982. The legislation also provided certainty that products offered by banking institutions would not be regulated as futures contracts.<\/sup><\/div>\n<p align=\"justify\"><sup>This act was incorporated by reference into H.R. 4577, an omnibus spending bill. It was passed by the 106th United States Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton on December 21, 2000&#8230;<\/sup><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><sup>The act has been cited as a public-policy decision significantly contributing to Enron&#8217;s bankruptcy in 2001 and the much broader liquidity crisis of September 2008 that led to the bankruptcy filing of Lehman Brothers and emergency Federal Reserve Bank loans to American International Groupand to the creation of the U.S. Emergency Economic Stabilization fund.<\/sup><\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\"><sup>The &quot;Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000&quot; was introduced in the House on Dec. 14, 2000 &#8230; and never debated in the House. The companion bill was introduced in the Senate on Dec. 15th, 2000 (The last day before Christmas holiday) &#8230; and never debated in the Senate.<\/sup><\/div>\n<p align=\"justify\"><sup>Given the above-stated chronology, it would appear that the House and Senate versions of the bill were introduced just prior to the Christmas holiday in December of 2000, following George W Bush&#8217;s (first) election (in November of 2000), while then-President Clinton was serving out his final days as President. The bill was never debated by the House or Senate. The bill by-passed the substantive policy committees in both the House and the Senate so that there were neither hearings nor opportunities for recorded committee votes. In substance, it appears that the leadership of the Republican-controlled Senate and House incorporated the deregulation of credit default swaps into an omnibus budget bill at a time when the outgoing president was in no position to veto anything. The following article suggests that Bill Clinton and Alan Greenspan endorsed this law <strong>The Bet That Blew Up Wall Street<\/strong> though Clinton&#8217;s position in 2000 is only suggested, not confirmed or made clear in the report&#8230;<\/sup><\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\"><sup>The Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000 has received criticism for the so-called &quot;Enron loophole,&quot; which exempts most over-the-counter energy trades and trading on electronic energy commodity markets. The &quot;loophole&quot; was drafted by lobbyists for Enron working with senator Phil Gramm seeking a deregulated atmosphere for their new experiment, &quot;Enron On-line.&quot;<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" vspace=\"5\" hspace=\"4\" border=\"1\" align=\"right\" src=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7c\/PhilGramm.jpg\/200px-PhilGramm.jpg\" alt=\"Former Senator Phil Gramm\" title=\"Former Senator Phil Gramm\" \/>It&#8217;s hard to follow, but what it means is that Banks could bundle all kinds of things [like Mortgages] together and trade the packages &#8211; essentially giving away the risk that &quot;kept them honest.&quot; This was the real cause of the whole financial crisis we&#8217;re in right now. Banks bundled loans, Insurance on loans, and many other things and sold them as assets &#8211; completely unregulated &#8211; as Commodities. Except they were only Commodities if they were paid off, which they weren&#8217;t. So the cascade of defaulted Mortgages and their risk had long ago left the lending institution and were floating around the world as &quot;derivitives.&quot; In eight short years, <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"130\" hspace=\"5\" height=\"126\" border=\"1\" align=\"left\" src=\"http:\/\/tbn0.google.com\/images?q=tbn:t3ugOmwYP7xF5M:http:\/\/otherbrooksbrother.files.wordpress.com\/2008\/02\/enron.jpg\" \/>these mostly worthless packages totalled three times the world&#8217;s wealth. So when the housing bubble they helped create crashed, their worth disappeared. If that weren&#8217;t enough, Enron wrote its own clause in that deregulated Energy trading, and then they proceeded to trade away billions before going belly-up [Phil Gramm&#8217;s wife was on the Board of Enron]. Two financial crises in one Bill snuck through Congress during the Christmas Holiday [between Presidents]. This is the value that disappeared from the Stock Market, crashed the Banks, and has lead us to a financial crisis of unimaginable proportions.<\/div>\n<hr size=\"1\" \/>\n<div align=\"justify\">Writing this out makes me tear up. Time for a break&#8230;<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>F.D.R.&#8216;s regulation of the Banking System and the Stock Exchange stayed intact for nearly a half of a century [perhaps because after F.D.R., the Republicans only briefly had control of both Houses of Congress before 1994], even though it remained a perennial straw man for the business community, Banks, Conservatives, and Republicans: In 1971, Richard [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2641","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-politics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2641","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2641"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2641\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2641"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2641"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2641"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}