{"id":30877,"date":"2012-12-09T14:02:05","date_gmt":"2012-12-09T19:02:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/?p=30877"},"modified":"2012-12-09T22:45:49","modified_gmt":"2012-12-10T03:45:49","slug":"the-waiting-room-blues","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/2012\/12\/09\/the-waiting-room-blues\/","title":{"rendered":"the waiting room blues&#8230;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>That brings me to PTSD. Over the years, I saw a number of patients whose current difficulties were born in extreme adversity &#8211; what used to be called Traumatic Neurosis. In training, I saw a lot of cases. It was the days of Viet Nam, and the cases filled our VA Hospital. Diagnosis wasn&#8217;t a problem since they told us as they walked through the door. But diagnosis of traumatic illness was difficult if the patient [or I] didn&#8217;t know they had it. Lenore Terr helped us with that. She identified not <em>symptoms<\/em>, but <em>signs<\/em> &#8211; things seen over time:        <\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Trauma specific fears<\/font><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Altered states of consciousness<\/font><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Repetitive experience &#8211; eg reinactments<\/font><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><font color=\"#200020\">An altered view of the self and the world<\/font><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div align=\"justify\">During that era, PTSD became a <em>fad diagnosis<\/em>. There was much to be gained &#8211; sympathy, services, validation of abuse, etc. and the diagnosis was corrupted for a time. It was like the <em>chemical imbalance<\/em> phenomenon &#8211; a generic explanation for any number of problems or previous bad experience. But if you look at Terr&#8217;s <em>signs<\/em>, there&#8217;s another way to think about things &#8211; the patient has a <strong><font color=\"#200020\">unique mental illness<\/font><\/strong>.<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Trauma specific fears<\/font><\/strong>: Patients with PTSD have unusual fears, often very odd things or more often situations. Those fears are specific to the specific trauma they experienced. Even if it&#8217;s a common fear like acrophobia, it will have specificity, &quot;I might jump.&quot;      <\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Altered states of consciousness<\/font><\/strong>: Patients with PTSD have dissociative episodes, but they too have specificity. They &#8216;zone out&#8217; in particular settings, ones that reproduce their traumatic moments more or less exactly.      <\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Repetitive experience &#8211; eg reinactments<\/font><\/strong>: PTSD patients have repetitive experience, dreams, fantasies, patterns. Again specific to the trauma.       <\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><font color=\"#200020\">An altered view of the self and the world<\/font><\/strong>: The PTSD patient feels <em>broken<\/em>. In many ways they are correct. They&#8217;ve had something happen that has overwhelmed the mind, and so they know that can happen &#8211; an indelible knowledge.      <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div align=\"justify\">Usually, I stay out of this kind of thing on the blog. It&#8217;s the stuff of clinical experience and can&#8217;t be easily conveyed [and to be honest, after thirty years of a psychiatry that disses any hint of psychological thinking, I&#8217;ve got some wounds of my own]. But in this case, having seen so many cases of previously failed treatments where the key to the previous failure was to miss this diagnosis, it has become a sticking point with me. Now to the real reason for this post:<\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div align=\"center\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/neuro\/journal\/vaop\/ncurrent\/full\/nn.3275.html\">Allele-specific <em>FKBP5<\/em> DNA demethylation mediates gene&ndash;childhood trauma interactions<\/a><br \/>   <sup>   \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\tby Torsten Klengel,\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\tDivya Mehta,\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\tChristoph Anacker,\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\tMonika Rex-Haffner,\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\tJens C Pruessner,\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\tCarmine M Pariante,\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\tThaddeus W W Pace,\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\tKristina B Mercer,\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\tHelen S Mayberg,\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\tBekh Bradley,\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\tCharles B Nemeroff,\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\tFlorian Holsboer,\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\tChristine M Heim,\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\tKerry J Ressler,\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\tTheo Rein, and\t \t\t\t  \t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t&amp; Elisabeth B Binder<\/sup><br \/>     \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t \t\t \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t \t \t\t \t \t \t  \t \t \t  \t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t \t  \t <strong><font color=\"#200020\">Nature Neuroscience<\/font><\/strong>. doi:10.1038\/nn.3275. Published online 02 December 2012<\/div>\n<p>   <\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\"><u><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Abstract<\/font><\/strong><\/u><\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><sup><strong>Although the fact that genetic predisposition and  environmental exposures interact to shape development and function of  the human brain and, ultimately, the risk of psychiatric disorders has  drawn wide interest, the corresponding molecular mechanisms have not yet  been elucidated. We found that a functional polymorphism altering  chromatin interaction between the transcription start site and  long-range enhancers in the FK506 binding protein 5 (<em>FKBP5<\/em>) gene,  an important regulator of the stress hormone system, increased the risk  of developing stress-related psychiatric disorders in adulthood by  allele-specific, childhood trauma&ndash;dependent DNA demethylation in  functional glucocorticoid response elements of <em>FKBP5<\/em>. This  demethylation was linked to increased stress-dependent gene  transcription followed by a long-term dysregulation of the stress  hormone system and a global effect on the function of immune cells and  brain areas associated with stress regulation. This identification of  molecular mechanisms of genotype-directed long-term environmental  reactivity will be useful for designing more effective treatment  strategies for stress-related disorders.<\/strong><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\">I have no objection to people exploring the mechanisms by which childhood abuse or adversity leads to an unhappy life and any number of mental symptoms. We all know it&#8217;s true. And while I personally think there&#8217;s much more mileage in looking at how adversity and deprivation afflict the developing personality than in their impact on biology, it&#8217;s fine with me for people to look into biological factors. I also really doubt that the <em>resiliency<\/em> vs <em>susceptibility<\/em> explorations will yield much in the way of biology, seeing more likelihood in other more obvious mechanisms.<\/div>\n<p align=\"justify\">These are subjects recruited from the waiting rooms [not psychiatry waiting rooms] and from city bus ads in urban Atlanta, a population well known to me. They&#8217;ve been given questionnaires about their past, their symptoms, donated DNA samples, and been paid for their time. Here&#8217;s a video of Dr. Nemeroff&#8217;s presentation of this paper at an NYU Grand Rounds earlier this year:<\/p>\n<p align=\"center\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.veomed.com\/grandrounds\/archive&#038;vid=817631&#038;gnr=824342\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"450\" border=\"1\" src=\"http:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/images\/nemeroff-nyu-1.jpg\" \/><\/a><br \/>   <sup>[<strong>click the graphic to see a video of<\/strong> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.veomed.com\/grandrounds\/archive&#038;vid=817631&#038;gnr=824342\"><u><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Dr. Nemeroff&#8217;s presentation<\/font><\/strong><\/u><\/a>]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Everything below the first bullet as you read down this summary slide is hypothesis at best. In both the paper and this video, they are presented not as increasingly speculative hypotheses verging on the realm of Jules Verne, Robert Heinlein, and Isaac Asimov, but as established facts. His thinking hinges on the concept of <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Epigenetics\" target=\"_blank\">epigenetics<\/a>, ways of inheritance other than through hard wired DNA sequences &#8211; a fascinating, leading edge area of study, but hardly up to this kind of extrapolation.<\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">I try to stick to criticisms based on scientific misadventure with my endless graphs and quotes, but here I&#8217;m staying on the surface. Just my conclusion. I don&#8217;t really believe this. I don&#8217;t think that abuse, deprivation, or trauma go back down the pipeline to the DNA or whatever epigenetic mechanisms are around and biologically make changes that make us sick depending on our genetics. I know abuse, deprivation, or trauma can make us sick, but not like this. I&#8217;m completely sure that&#8217;s not the reason PTSD persists throughout life. And with PTSD, it&#8217;s not diagnosed by questionnaire. It&#8217;s a diagnosis best made by a careful history, taken over time, defining the <strong><font color=\"#200020\">unique mental illness <\/font><\/strong>created by the <strong><font color=\"#200020\">specific idiosyncratic circumstances<\/font><\/strong> of a person. Everything here beyond [1] mental phenomena happen in the brain and [2] bad early experiences portend trouble down the road [both general knowledge] is speculation &#8211; and wild speculation at that. I&#8217;ll even go out on a limb. In my 40 year history as a psychiatrist doing psychotherapy, I&#8217;ve had my share of successes, but I guarantee it wasn&#8217;t &quot;<em><strong><font color=\"#200020\">by producing changes in gene expression that alter the strength of synaptic connections and structural changes that alter the anatomical pattern of interconnections between nerve cells of the brain.<\/font><\/strong><\/em>&quot; Not once.<\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\">My hat&#8217;s off to anyone that takes on trying to vet this article or the many that precede it going back thirty years. There are too few direct connections with the data itself to allow that kind of scrutiny. And beyond that, the NIMH just gave this project a <a href=\"http:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/2012\/05\/22\/speechless-2\/\" target=\"_blank\">$2 M grant<\/a>. I spent a reasonable portion of my life working with the people sitting in those waiting rooms and riding those buses, and for what it&#8217;s worth, I think these studies exploit their experience. They&#8217;re not even &quot;sick.&quot; They&#8217;re waiting to see a gynecologist or riding to work. If the NIMH wants to help them, there are a lot more effective uses for that money than chasing this kind of biological reductionism to the end of time using their DNA and misfortunes&#8230;<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>That brings me to PTSD. Over the years, I saw a number of patients whose current difficulties were born in extreme adversity &#8211; what used to be called Traumatic Neurosis. In training, I saw a lot of cases. It was the days of Viet Nam, and the cases filled our VA Hospital. Diagnosis wasn&#8217;t a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30877","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-politics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30877","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30877"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30877\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30898,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30877\/revisions\/30898"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30877"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30877"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30877"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}