{"id":41878,"date":"2013-11-27T23:00:30","date_gmt":"2013-11-28T04:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/?p=41878"},"modified":"2013-11-28T02:48:19","modified_gmt":"2013-11-28T07:48:19","slug":"risk-benefit-ratio","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/2013\/11\/27\/risk-benefit-ratio\/","title":{"rendered":"risk benefit ratio&#8230;"},"content":{"rendered":"<div align=\"justify\">I appreciate Peggi&#8217;s recent <a href=\"http:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/2013\/11\/25\/but-i-shouldve\/#comment-252511\" target=\"_blank\">comment<\/a> on the blogs about Statins [<a href=\"http:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/2013\/11\/24\/an-exempler\/\">an exempler&hellip;<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/2013\/11\/25\/but-i-shouldve\/\">but I should&rsquo;ve&hellip;<\/a>]. It highlights the subjective but central issue of the <strong><em><font color=\"#200020\">risk&middot;benefit ratio<\/font><\/em><\/strong>:<\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\">When one is trying simply to be an informed patient and has become aware  of all this corruption and COI in so many aspects of medicine, how on  earth can a sound decision about medication be made? My internist wants  me on statins; I have familial hypercholesterolemia and a family history of heart disease but I don&rsquo;t  smoke, I&rsquo;m not overweight, I exercise, and I eat a fairly healthy diet.  My blood pressure is okay. So how do I know whether or not I need to be  taking a statin? This is all very confusing for those of us attempting  to be good &ldquo;consumers.&rdquo; It&rsquo;s tempting just to say I&rsquo;ll take my chances  and not take anything that&rsquo;s advertised!<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\">She brings up a major collateral damage from the pharma influenced guidelines that broaden their market and profits geometrically &#8211; undermining the effective practice of medicine. The discovery of the Familial Hyperlipidemias was a major contribution of research to clinical practice, resulting in a Nobel Prize in 1985. Here&#8217;s a brief summary and appeal for more vigilance in the medical community:     <\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div align=\"center\" class=\"big\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/344\/bmj.e3228\">Easily Missed? Familial hypercholesterolaemia<\/a><\/div>\n<div align=\"center\" class=\"small\">by Peter J Gill, <em>MD\/PhD student<\/em>, Anthony Harnden, <em>university lecturer in general practice<\/em>, and Fredrik Karpe, <em>professor of metabolic medicine<\/em><\/div>\n<div align=\"center\" class=\"middle\"><strong><font color=\"#0066ff\">British Medical Journal<\/font><\/strong>. 2012 344:e3228.<\/div>\n<p>         <\/p>\n<p><strong><font color=\"#200020\">What is familial hypercholesterolaemia?<\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Familial  hypercholesterolaemia is an inherited autosomal dominant genetic  disorder characterised by high serum cholesterol concentrations  detectable at a young age. It is associated with early cardiovascular disease, and an underlying genetic cause can be identified in about 80% of cases.<\/p>\n<div><strong><font color=\"#200020\">How common is familial hypercholesterolaemia?<\/font><\/strong><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\">Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia affects about 1 in 500 people [about 110&nbsp;000 people in the UK]<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\">An  average UK general practice with 8000 patients will have about 16  patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia clustered in five to seven  families<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\">Certain  populations have a higher frequency of familial hypercholesterolaemia  such as Afrikaners in South Africa [1 in 70] and French Canadians [1 in  200]<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div align=\"justify\">Homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia occurs with a frequency of 1 in 1&nbsp;000&nbsp;000 people<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Why is familial hypercholesterolaemia missed?<\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\">Underdiagnosis  is a global challenge, with correct identification ranging from less  than 1% in Russia to 20% in the Netherlands and 44% in Iceland. In the UK only 15% of patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia are expected to have been recognised in general practice. It  is not known why patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia are often  missed in primary care, but many seem to be diagnosed in middle age  when family members present with coronary heart disease.  Although patients diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolaemia are  instructed to contact their relatives, several studies have shown that  this is not effective in practice.  The low referral rate to specialists for cascade DNA testing, the lack  of national screening programmes, and the limited usefulness of clinical  evaluation in relatives all probably contribute. Underdiagnosis is an even greater challenge among children and young adults, in whom clinical signs are rarely present.<\/p>\n<p><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Why does this matter?<\/font><\/strong><\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\">Patients  with familial hypercholesterolaemia have a high risk of mortality as  they are exposed to high concentrations of plasma LDL cholesterol from  birth.  By early adulthood, without treatment they will have a 100-fold greater  mortality risk from coronary disease than other young adults aged 20&ndash;39  years.  Half of untreated heterozygous men and 30% of untreated women will have  a myocardial infarction by the age of 50 and 60 years respectively.  However, the development of effective cholesterol lowering drugs has  reduced cardiovascular mortality, prolonging life by approximately nine  years.  A long term follow-up study showed that statins can delay  atherosclerotic progression in children and young adults with familial  hypercholesterolaemia. The risk of coronary heart disease is considerably higher in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia.<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div>And here&#8217;s one of the longitudinal population studies on Statins in Familial Hyperlipidemia [this one from the Netherlands]:<\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div align=\"center\" class=\"big\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/337\/bmj.a2423\">Efficacy of statins in familial hypercholesterolaemia: a long term cohort study<\/a><\/div>\n<div align=\"center\" class=\"small\">                                   by Jorie Versmissen, Dani&euml;lla M Oosterveer, Mojgan Yazdanpanah, Joep C Defesche, Dick C G Basart, Anho H Liem, Jan Heeringa, Jacqueline C Witteman, Peter J Lansberg, John J P Kastelein, and Eric J G Sijbrands <\/div>\n<div align=\"center\" class=\"middle\"> <strong><font color=\"#0066ff\">British Medical Journal<\/font><\/strong>. 2008 337:a2423.<\/div>\n<p>     <\/p>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Objective<\/font><\/strong> To determine the efficacy of  statin treatment on risk of coronary heart disease in patients with  familial hypercholesterolaemia.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Design<\/font><\/strong> Cohort study with a mean follow-up of 8.5 years.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Setting<\/font><\/strong> 27 outpatient lipid clinics.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Subjects<\/font><\/strong> 2146 patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia without prevalent coronary heart disease before 1 January 1990.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Main outcome measures<\/font><\/strong>  Risk of coronary heart disease in treated and &ldquo;untreated&rdquo; [delay in  starting statin treatment] patients compared with a Cox regression model  in which statin use was a time dependent variable.<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Results<\/font><\/strong>  In January 1990, 413 [21%] of the patients had started statin  treatment, and during follow-up another 1294 patients [66%] started  after a mean delay of 4.3 years. Most patients received simvastatin  [n=1167, 33 mg daily] or atorvastatin [n=211, 49 mg daily]. We observed  an overall risk reduction of 76% [hazard ratio 0.24 [95% confidence  interval 0.18 to 0.30], P&lt;0.001]. In fact, the risk of myocardial  infarction in these statin treated patients was not significantly  greater than that in an age-matched sample from the general population  [hazard ration 1.44 [0.80 to 2.60], P=0.23].<\/div>\n<div align=\"justify\"><strong><font color=\"#200020\">Conclusion<\/font><\/strong>  Lower statin doses than those currently advised reduced the risk of  coronary heart disease to a greater extent than anticipated in patients  with familial hypercholesterolaemia. With statin treatment, such  patients no longer have a risk of myocardial infarction significantly  different from that of the general population.<\/div>\n<div align=\"center\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" vspace=\"5\" border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/images\/statins.gif\" \/><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div align=\"justify\">Results such as that are hard to come by in medicine. With a graph like that in front of you, your view of the cost and side effect profile is radically different from the man on the street without familial hypercholesterolemia who has nothing to gain except the side effects and costs. It puts the <strong><em><font color=\"#200020\">risk&middot;benefit ratio<\/font><\/em><\/strong> in perspective. By pushing the wholesale prescription of Statins, the manufacturers stand to gain significantly. But the resulting controversies confuse and may drive off patients for whom these drugs are clearly life&middot;extending. It&#8217;s these patients that the drugs are designed to treat. By the way, Peggi let me know she is taking a Statin&#8230;<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I appreciate Peggi&#8217;s recent comment on the blogs about Statins [an exempler&hellip;, but I should&rsquo;ve&hellip;]. It highlights the subjective but central issue of the risk&middot;benefit ratio: When one is trying simply to be an informed patient and has become aware of all this corruption and COI in so many aspects of medicine, how on earth [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-41878","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-opinion"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41878","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41878"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41878\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":41905,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/41878\/revisions\/41905"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41878"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41878"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/1boringoldman.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=41878"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}